Introduction
Along the energy conversion process from primary to consumable energy
including its distribution logistics, energy losses always occur.
Globally there are many different technologies and processes for the
conversion, transportation and distribution of energy. All generate
losses, which is expressed and measured in energy systems as efficiency
rate.
Waste heat recovery
Heat is always co-produced, is the largest loss contributor in
electricity generation and cannot be distributed to consumers over long
distances. The largest energy efficiency potential lies in waste heat
recovery, usually referred to as cogeneration or combined heat and power
(CHP) generation. This can easily be realised by decentralised
down-scaled electricity generation, instead of producing power in large
scale centrally located facilities.
Energy transport and distribution
Further energy losses are found in the transportation and distribution
of energy to consumers. Common examples are losses in the electricity
grid, leakages in pipelines or diesel consumed by tank trucks. Despite
the diversity we believe these losses must be included in a holistic
energy system efficiency rating.
Energy application
Tailored energy application solutions deployed at the consumers premises
incorporates the heat demand requirements into customised system
designs. This approach aims to increase the efficiency rate of the
entire system. It is necessary to have a clear understanding of the
terms primary energy and consumable energy.
Primary energy is the start of any energy value chain and refers to energy in its raw state. Raw energy sources can be distinguished between fossil and renewable fuels, defined by its reproduction period.
- Fossil fuels are: Coal, lignite, natural gas, crude oil, uranium, and others
- Renewable fuels: Sun, wind, hydro, biomass, ocean waves, and others
Consumable energy is found at the end of the value chain ready for use for the final residential, commercial, or industrial consumer. Examples of usable energy are electricity, transportation fuels (for aircrafts, cars, trucks, rails, ships, etc.), and heating (also used for steam and cooling) to roughly categories the consumption areas of every economy.
The following diagram visualises an example of energy infrastructure enhancement measures:
The successful implementation of energy efficient infrastructure measures have a significant impact and benefits on economies:
- reduced primary energy consumption
- opportunities for small and medium sized enterprise development
- localisation of energy supply
- increased robustness on energy costs
- enhanced competitiveness
- creation of local and decentralised jobs in energy production and manufacturing
- mitigation of green house gas emissions
In South Africa energy efficiency is promoted through a tax incentive for energy savings realised by investments in energy efficiency and is regulated in section12L of the National Treasury, Income Tax Act No. 58 of 1962.